Leveraging Built-in endpoints in Azure IoT Hub

Introduction

One of the great features of IoT hub is its built-in systems endpoints. This allows us to quickly hook into event hub belonging to an IoT hub without the need to an EventHub, Azure Storage containers, Service Bus queues and Service Bus topics.

In this post, we are going to look into how to easily we can leverage the built-in endpoints in Azure IoT hub by creating a simple application using Azure Functions.

When you have an Azure IoT hub and want to hook into events generated by Azure IoT hub, you have two main choices.

1. Events provided as part of Azure Event Grid
Using Azure Event Grid we can use resources such as Logic Apps, Azure Functions, Web Hook, Storage Queues, Event Hubs, and Hybrid Connections.

2. Built-in endpoints

This is the built in endpoint that every Azure IoT hub offers as part of its infrastructure. Using Built-in endpoints we can hook into system and device messages. So when a device sends a message to Azure IoT hub, this "Built-in endpoints" to receive those messages.

Figure 1 - Built-in endpoints view

Using Built-in endpoints

To use built-in endpoints, we will create a custom Azure functions that uses the built-in endpoint to listen to messages emitted by the device to Azure IoT hub. We will  use the following steps to accomplish that.

Step 1- Get Event Hub-compatible endpoint

1. Open the Azure portal and navigate to Azure IoT hub. 
2. Click "Built-in endpoints" in the navigation pane. This will show a view that is similar to view show in Figure 1.
3. Copy "Event Hub-compatible endpoint" and save it to be used in the Azure Function app that is mentioned in Step 2.

Step 2 - Creating Azure Function App

1. Using the boiler plate project that is created when Azure Function App is selected, we can modify the code  as shown below.

Figure 2 - Azure function code

2. Update connection string:

Using the connection string saved in Step 1, update the local.settings.json as shown below:

Figure 3 - Event hub connection string using Built-in endpoint

3. Managing dependencies:

In order to use the Event Hub triggers, we have to add the following NuGet packages:

Figure 4 - Dependencies

Conclusion

We have seen how easy it is to use Built-in endpoints to hook into  Azure IoT hub events. Although we have used Azure Functions app to demonstrate the application that is listening to Azure IoT events using Built-In endpoints, we can use any application platform that can be invoked using EventHubTrigger.

Getting started with Azure Sphere

Azure Sphere - MT 3620 on my work desk

Note: This is first of a series of blog posts that are related to my work done on Azure Sphere. Stay tuned for more on Azure Sphere.

Introduction

One of the best to learn a new technology is to just get hands dirty start work on the new technology. In this blog,  I will take you through the steps that I carried out in order to start work on Azure Sphere.

Once you have received the Azure Sphere device, it's time to get started. Here is the link https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/azure-sphere/get-started/that will take you through the steps of acquiring a Azure Sphere device.

1. The very step is to attached the device with your development machine. If you have the correct operating system then the device manager should automatically install the drivers. In my case the drivers for the device did not install automatically so I had to go to a special page that allowed me to download the drivers. Visit http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm to download the driver. The following image shows the driver that I downloaded for my development machine:

2. Once you downloaded and install the drivers, your device manager should look like as the following image.

Notice the three USB Serial Ports (in my case I got COM 4, COM 6 and COM 7)


3. Download Install Azure Sphere SDK for Visual Studio Preview.

4. The Azure Sphere SDK for Visual Studio Preview would install the Azure Sphere Developer Command Prompt Preview. This command line utility is your bridge between the Azure Sphere device and your development effort.

5. Run azsphere login command on  "Azure Sphere Developer Command Prompt Preview" to ensure you can Azure Sphere SDK has been properly installed and you can access your subscription.

6. Creating a Tenant
azsphere tenant create --name mytenant

0000000-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxx-xxxxxxxxxx mytenant

7. Claiming the device

azsphere device claim

Claiming device.

Successfully claimed device ID 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX' into tenant 'afrinish' with ID '0000000-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxx-xxxxxxxxxx'.

Command completed successfully in 00:00:03.3873192.

8. Configure Wi-Fi

azsphere device wifi add --ssid [[yourSSID]] --key [[yourNetworkKey]]

Running the command would yield the following output.

Add network succeeded:

ID                  : 0

SSID                : XXXXXXXXXX

Configuration state : enabled

Connection state    : unknown

Security state      : psk

Command completed successfully in 00:00:02.0253617.

Conclusion

In this blogpost, we have gone through the steps of getting started with Azure Sphere. We started off by acquiring the device, installing necessary software and drivers, configuring the device and connecting it the Wi-Fi. If there any any issues, please use the comments section to ask questions.

The next step would be to start developing. Happy coding!

Multi-cloud Architectures for Applications

Multi-cloud architecture for distributed application

Back story

Companies are embracing cloud as part of their key business strategy. Huge part of this embrace is moving their applications to cloud. This created a challenge for major cloud providers, like Amazon, Microsoft and Google, to offer a slew of services that would help companies move to cloud. That brought us to era of cloud architectures. Huge progresswas made (and still is being made) in this area.

As progress was being made in moving to cloud, a risk emerged called “vendor lock-in”. This essentially meant that when the applications where being moved (or even when new applications where being created), the architecture was focused on the services that were provided by on cloud one cloud vender. This is critical because this makes the consumers of applications more vulnerable to dependencies. This was not the only risk that emerged but this was the most significant
and attention.

To remedy that “Multi-cloud” or “Portable” architecture was embraced. Applications were architected in such a way that they could be ported from one cloud provider to another without any major rewrites. New technologies like Kubernetes, Docker and services orchestration technologies went along way to provide underlying technologies to mitigate the “vendorlock-in” risk.

What is Distributed Application Multi-Cloud architecture?

The multi-cloud architectures were great in providing resiliency and removing underlying dependencies which would have locked in to a particular vendor. This made solutions architects to focus on treating their solution as one big entity deployed in redundant fashion. It took focus away from actual application architecture and its nitty gritty details that would have been leveraged by cloud.

“The basic idea of Distributed applications multi-cloud architecture is to architect a solution that is leveraged to the max by cloud and not bounded by the offerings of a cloud provider”.

Every application, albeit micro service or not, is made of constituent components, services or layers. In Distributed Application Multi-Cloud architecture, the architects focus on application’s different components and treat them as components, services or layers that can be deployed to any cloud to gain the maximum benefits.

Advantages of Distributed Application Multi-Cloud architecture

As stated earlier, Distributed Application Multi-Cloud architecture is the evolutionary form of Multi-Cloud architecture, it carries all the advantages of Multi-Cloud architecture. In addition to those advantages, Distributed Application Multi-Cloud architecture offers following advantages:

1. Extra layer of robustness: Since the focus is on the on application’s different constituent components/layers/services, the architecture achieves an extra layer of robustness.

2. Best use of resources: Cloud providers (mostly big cloud providers like Amazon, Google and Microsoft), offer different services with their own pricing model. When a service offering comparison is made between these cloud providers, it would be apparent that some services would be cheaper than other cloud service providers and some would be more expensive than other cloud providers. A Distributed Application Multi-Cloud architecture can provide a solution that would take advantage of the difference in pricing model for different services offered by cloud providers to the advantage of the company for which the solution is being architected. This can translate into considerable cost
advantage.

Here is an example:
You have an API that needs to be deployed with access to general public. This API requires a backend storage. It might make sense to use Azure App Service to host the API and use Azure’s blob storage for the backend storage. But hypothetically, it might appear that using Google’s cloud storage product be a cheaper option without sacrificing application performance.

3. Higher level of services statelessness: As the application’s constituent services are distributed to different cloud providers, a higher level is achieved for the constituent services.

Tenants of Distributed Multi-Cloud Applications Architectures

• Distributed multi-cloud application architectures is the concept for architecting solution to achieving maximum advantage by harnessing service offerings from any cloud provider.

• Focus on looking at the Application’s constituent components as separate entities that can be leveraged to achieve maximum benefit.

• Not every cloud architecture would be a good fit for Distributed Applications Multi-Cloud architectures.

Step by step guide

1. Review application architecture. The end result of this step is an in-depth understanding of the application, its behavior and environment.

2. Identify constituent components of the architecture. This step should yield a list of all the constituent components of the architecture that make up the whole architecture. This very important step as if the constituent components are not identified properly then benefits of the multi-cloud would not apparent.

3. For each constituent component, identify components that can be deployed/hosted on cloud. This would yield constituent components that can be moved/hosted on cloud.

4. For each cloud component (constituent components that can be moved/hosted on cloud), identify the cloud component that can be deployed/hosted on multi-clouds.

5. Re-architect the application based on previous step. This step should yield an architecture that is multi-cloud.

6. Go through each component of the multi-cloud architecture and use a decision tree (give below) to identify if that component should leverage multi-cloud or not. At the end of this step, you will have each component identified for multi-cloud or not.

7. Analyze the architecture as a whole for determine if the multi-cloud should be used. The rationale of this step is to see if there is cost/performance/security benefit that would be leveraged using multi-cloud. If there is only one component that can be leveraged using multi-cloud (and produces considerable benefits as one), then it might not make sense to use multi-cloud.

Continuous delivery with Azure App Service

Update:

Click here for the SoCalCode camp presentation about this topic.

Introduction

This post would introduce you to continuous delivery pipeline using Azure app services. We would take a use case and implement the steps that we need to take in order to establish a build pipeline.

What is Continuous Delivery?

In simple words “Constantly develop, automatically build and automatically deploy”. This means that as soon as code is checked in a system would automatically build the application and deploy.

Azure App Services

Azure app services is a set of technologies that enable development of cloud centric Web Apps, Mobile Apps, API Apps and Logic Apps. There is a great introduction to App Services presented at: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/app-service-value-prop-what-is/ .

Power of App Services

To understand the power of Azure App Service you have to compare to a classic Web Application with any of the technology such as Azure App Service Web App. In a classic Web App, a web server such as IIS is the main component. The Web App is installed on IIS and the pages are served through IIS to internet audience. This is a typical on premises infrastructure implementation. You are responsible for managing the security, availability, scale and instrumentation. Part of the classic web app infrastructure is the responsibility of not only delivering the web app but maintenance of the web server. This includes the separation of environments such as development site, QA site, UAT site and the production site. Also, since web server maintenance is part of this infrastructure, you have to also think about the actual server where that web server is installed. The environment that server offers greatly effects how the web server would work. This is another layer of responsibility that a web developer has to keep in mind.

With the App Services, the IIS part has been abstracted away. This means that management of web server (for example IIS) is not the focus but the focus is the delivery of web app. As an application developer we can easily create on App and have it hosted in different deployment slots. These deployment slots makes it easy to create environments such as development site, QA site, UAT site and production site for the same web app.

Continuous delivery pipeline for Azure App Service

Since web server and the server hosting the web server is not part of Azure App Service, the establishment of continuous delivery pipeline is very easy to establish.

Our focus for this post is to list the steps and design patterns that we can use to establish the continuous delivery pipeline.

There are three major steps to establishment of continuous delivery pipeline for Azure App service. These are:

Establishment of development slots

Once you have created an Azure Web App, you have to define its deployment slots. Usually the deployment slots are representation of your different environments. For example, in a typical web development effort you would have following environments:

1.      Development: This is the environment that is used by development team to help them develop different aspects of the project. Typically this is referred simply as “dev”.

2.      QA: This environment is used by the QA team to test the web app separate from the development environment. This is great for providing isolation and also to do better validation testing. Typically this is simply referred as “qa”.

3.      UAT: This environment is used by product owners or stake holders to validate different features after the QA has signed off. Again an isolation from dev and QA allows the UAT to test the web app irrespective of the test data that QA has used to valid. Typically this is simply referred as “uat”. Usually a separate database is attached for the UAT environment.

4.      Staging: This sometimes also known as pre-production. Typically is used to validate the build process and once the build is validated, this environment is swapped with production. Usually the staging environment uses the same production database. This allows the swapping from staging to production seamless without any down time. Typically this is simply referred as “staging”.

5.      Production: This is the actual web application that represents the production environment. Typically this is simply referred as “prod”.

The Azure App Service gives each deployment slot a unique URL. This essentially means that each of the deployment slot is a separate web application. Each of the web app URL representation of the environment is used by different team members. Development team members use the dev URL, QA uses the QA URL, and UAT uses the UAT URL for the web app.

Here is an example of different deployment slots for our API web app.

Establishment of branching strategy

There are a lot of different branching strategies that are used in the industry. The branching strategy is designed or sometimes evolved based on respective objectives. One of those objectives is the environment. What it means is that for different environments different braches are established. To simplify let us take the following branching strategy.

Master branch – For Development environment

QA Branch – For QA and UAT environments

Production – For staging environment

Importance of branching strategy means for continuous delivery

Since the main tenant of continuous delivery system is to automatically we build and automatically from a code check in, we have to pay extra attention to where the code check in takes place. If we look at our branching strategy, it would mean that if we check in the code in the master branch then dev environment should be build. If we check in the QA branch then it means that QA and UAT environments would be build. Same goes for the staging environment. This is why your branching strategy should be representative of your build environments. Let us take a typical scenario to explain more:

Joe (Backend developer) completes first part of the story and checks in the code to master branch. This kicks off a fresh “dev” build.

Jessica (Front end developer) completes the second part of the story and checks in the code. This kicks off another fresh “dev” build. Since the second part of the story completes the story. The build manager merges the master branch into QA branch. This kicks off a QA build and a UAT build for both QA and UAT team members.

Establishment of build/publish process

Azure App Service deployment

There are multiple ways to deployment apps on Azure App Service.  There are:

FTP

This is a most direct and classical way of deploying any web app. The major drawback is that this a total manual process. If you need to automate this, you have to write quite complex scripts.

Web Deploy

This tool allows you to directly deploy web apps to azure app service from visual studio. Although you do not have to use FTP for this scenario but you still have to do actual deployment manually.

Kudu

This build engine is used where we want to have automatic build/publish execution when a source code repository is attached. This means that as soon as a check in take place on a branch (established in step 2), the kudu build process would kick in a do the rest.

Code checked-in to repository  >>  Kudu initiates the build >> Kudu publishes the website

Multiple web apps challenge

The above mentioned steps would work great if you have only one web app in your code repository. For example, you have create a dedicated branch for one web app that has one solution file (.sln). The challenge comes in the shape of a scenario where you have multiple web apps and they all share the same code repository. For example, in a typical business application, you might have one web app that serves the pages and one Web Api app that is consumed by the web app. You might have different release pipeline for WebApi and web App. In this scenario the visual studio solution would contain both projects as part of the solution.

To accommodate the scenario of multiple web apps projects in a solution, you have to take some extra steps.

Step 1. Add app setting to your App Service to uniquely identify your app. This is to give Kudu a way to kick start the build and complete the publishing once code has checked in.

Step 2. Add “.deployment” file to the base of your source code repository. The “.deployment” file gives Kudu a starting point to start the deployment process. Here is a sample:

As you can see what the “.deployment” file is asking Kudu to do is just to call deploy.cmd file. We would look at this in next step.

NOTE: 

Before proceeding further it is important to note that following are prerequisites for the next steps:
1. Nodejs: https://nodejs.org/en/

2. azure-cli: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/documentation/articles/virtual-machines-command-line-tools/

Step 3. Create deploy.cmd file. This is the file that would tell Kudu how many different web apps or web Api apps are available in your code base that needs to be built as part of continuous integration pipeline. 

Here is an example of deploy.cmd file:

If you look at this file, you would notice that there are three web apps that are mentioned in the code. These are the three projects that are part of same solution file. What this code is doing is checking which App Service has kicked started the build process. This essentially means the branch where the code check in has happened. The SITE_FLAVOR comes very handy here as we use this App setting to identify the application.

After the app service identification, the deploy.cmd is just calling the corresponding individual deployment files. In our examples there we have three different deployment files. Those are:

deploy.customersapi.cmd

deploy.customersweb.cmd

deploy.anotherapi.cmd

In our next step we would see how you create these individual deployment files.

Generating Deploy.customer.cmd

 Step 1:

Assuming that your customerapi’s project file is at c:\sites\CustomerApi\src\CustomerApi.csproj and customerapi’s solution file is at c:\sites\CustomerApi\src\CustomerApi.csproj and c:\sites\CustomerApi\CustomerApplication.sln. Execute the following command using elevated Administrator mode either on command prompt or Powershell prompt. I always prefer PowerShell because of ease use.

azure site deploymentscript --aspWAP c:\sites\CustomerApi\src\CustomerApi.csproj  -s c:\sites\CustomerApi\CustomerApplication.sln

      Step 2:

Running the above command would yield a file called deploy.cmd. Rename file deploy.cmd to deploy.customersapi.cmd.

Step 3:

Repeat steps 1 and 2 for customersweb and anotherapi projects.

Conclusion

Azure App services are set of very powerful technologies that gives a very clear pathway to establish a continuous delivery pipeline.

SocalCode Camp presentation

The following presentation about this topic presented at the 2016 SocalCode camp.

Continuous delivery with azure app service from Nabeel Khan

Mobile User Membership Architecture with Mobile Services Backend

Introduction

We have reached to a point where mobile apps have become essential. The two big groups of mobile apps are natives and mobile web apps. There is a separate discussion about which type would make more sense, when that would be the case and why in general. The thing to takeaway is that mobile web app is actually a type of web site. So when talk about user membership architecture, we are essentially talking about user membership for a website. But when we are talking about native apps, the user membership architecture is different from mobile web because of the capabilities a native app contains in itself. In this blog, I am going to focus on the user membership architecture for native app site of mobile world.

Mobile User Membership Architecture

A user membership architecture is a design that shows how a user of an app is formally defined as "User" of that mobile app. The reason I put emphasis on word 'user' is because there is a very essential process that has to take place which will qualify user of an to app to a "User". When the qualification has taken place then the "User" is now identifiable as an entity to the Mobile Service Backend. To understand that let us take a scenario where you have developed an App and distributed the App to the market. To user that App, anyone can download the app and use it. The App does not know anything about the user. On top of that the Mobile Services Backend does not know anything about the user of the App either. So when the Mobile Services Backend does not know about the user then there is no analytics related to users of the app. Also, if you wanted to have a provisioning feature in the app, you cannot do that because there is no distinction between the users. So User Management Architecture is the path that you an use to define and qualify a user of an App. 

The main components of Mobile User Membership Architecture are:

• User creation or signing up process
• User authentication process
• Mechanism for user logging in
• User logging out mechanism
• Mechanism to retrieve/reset user password or any other property of user entity
• Optional: Mechanism to let anonymous user to log in
• Optional: If anonymous user is allowed then there should be mechanism to convert them to regular users if requirement exists

Fig. Mobile User Membership Architecture

Conclusion

User membership is way too important to be ignored for any mobile device app. This is a vast field. In this post I have tried to explain in simple terms what choices we have. But there are more details and intricacies that are in the play for user management on mobile devices. This post gave you a high level introduction. In my subsequent post, I will try to go in more detail for each of the components and explain with code examples. Stay tuned.

One of the great ways to acquire knowledge is to share knowledge. Please do share your experience and knowledge by commenting so we all can better design great mobile applications.

Why cloud-based mobile backends makes sense

Update:

Due to the announcement by Parse to shutdown it is services, the examples mentioned in this article related to Parse are no longer valid. However, the same principals are valid on other cloud platform such as as Microsoft Azure.

Background

For the past half year, I have been delving into iOS and developed and release three iOS apps to App Store. The main reason of delving into iOS was close the native mobile app gap that I was ignoring for a long time. I have been doing mobile web development for past three years but somehow (may due to my laziness), I did not get opportunity to develop a native app. I thought of choosing android instead of iOS but then due to some facts on the ground I decided to take the iOS path. Now when I developed the apps for iOS using Swift programming language. My main purpose was to learn and prove my learning by developing and releasing the apps to app store. The apps were pretty simple and did not require any mobile services back-end. But as I added more features in my apps, I started to feel more need to have mobile service back-end. I started to look into different mobile services offerings and this led me to Parse SDK. This is the background of this post.

Mobile Services Backend

What is meant by Mobile Services Backend?

Mobile Services Backend also referred as Mobile Backend by some vendors is a set of services, APIs and SDKs that enable a mobile app to interact with central resource (usually a cloud service) in order to leverage features like:

1. Push notifications
2. Membership Management
3. Storage
4. Security
5. Analytics
6. Social network services

So in simple terms a mobile app is a client that requests for the mobile services from the Mobile Services Backend.

Why we need Mobile Services Backend? 

1. One simple reason is for the mobile developers to focus of providing client side of mobile app and be more of consumer of services and not the developer.
2. Ability to switch mobile services backend without rewriting a whole lot of code. Today you are using one Mobile Service Backend and tomorrow you want to switch to another, due to market condition, usage of your app or missing feature of mobile service. By keeping the mobile backend service as separate implementation from front-end app code, we get the separation of concern that enable to switch mobile backends as need dictate.
3. Easy to add more features on mobile app if that feature is supported by the Mobile Services Backend.

So now we know what is Mobile Services Backend and why we need it. Now its time to look into why Parse SDK makes sense.

Reasons

1. Quick start: It is very quick and easy to get started on Parse SDK. The process simply is to
   
   • sign up for Parse SDK,
   • choose the platform and mobile app front end that would be consuming the Parse cloud service features.
   • download and unzip the SDK
   • Incorporate the Parse SDK feature per your app requirement.
2. Features: There are more features that Parse clouds offers than other offerings. These include:
   
   • File Storage,
   • Database Storage,
   • File Transfer,
   • A/B testing,
   • Custom segmentation,
   • Scheduling,
   • Custom Events,
   • Instant Breakdowns,
   • Advanced Reports
   These features are present in some of the other offerings but what I like about the Parse is that it makes it very easy to use these features. For other offerings you have to write more code which might be a powerful feature but that also leads the app developer to go through a steeper learning curve.
3. Division of services/features: Instead of considering all the features as a monolithic collection of features to incorporate, you as a app developer have an easy choice to choose from 'Core','Push' or 'Analytics'
4. Segregated SDKs: Parse SDK features the selection of SDK based on the platform that is used by your mobile app. Following are the different platform for which there is a separate SDK:
   
   • iOS,
   • Android,
   • Java Script,
   • OS X,
   • Unity,
   • PHP,
   • .NET + Xamarin,
   • Arduino,
   • Embedded C
5. Pricing: This is a major feature that led me to delve in Parse SDK in the first place. I like that they let you start free and stay with free subscription as long as limits are not reached. This is similar to Heroku cloud's offering. As developer, I like it a lot. This lets me to fully use a framework without worry about the expiration of free trial period.
6. Quality: This might be an overlapping feature amongst all the top Mobile Service Backend providers. The reason that I am calling it out here is because, whatever I have seen experienced on Parse SDK has been of very high quality. From the SDK usage, tutorials, Dashboards and scale that is provide seems to be top notch.

 I do want to mention on thing that I do not like about the Parse SDK. When you include the Parse SDK in your iOS app, you have to include a lot of iOS libraries along with it. If I just want to use local storage then why I need to include all other libraries. This makes me thing that it would result in bloated binary. May be someone from Facebook take notice of that and correct me or correct the documentation/SDK.

Conclusion:

These are my opinions based on my limited experience looking into few of the top Mobile Services Backend provides. There might be some Mobile Services Backend provides that are better than Parse and I might have missed features that might make other Mobile Services Backend provides better than Parse. Having said that I think Parse SDK is formidable offering and it should be seriously considered in greater scheme of thing for Mobile App Architectures.

One of the great ways to acquire knowledge is to share knowledge. Please do share your experience and knowledge by commenting so we all can better design great mobile applications.

 

Interaction Design between user and the operating system - Part 2

Taking our discussion further, in this blog we would explore options for programming the user interaction with operating system.

User action programming

In part 1 of this series we focused on the direct user interaction with the operating system. But fact of the matter is that most of the user interaction on a computer or a device happens through a custom software or app. So it is very important to focus on the programmability of the operating system functions.

"Any programmed interaction must make use of most of the operating system supplied functions."

The above statement is the essence of this discussion. Let us establish one thing here before we go any further.

The best (in terms of ease of use and reliability and probably others) interaction experience is through operation system supplied functions.

For example: If I want to open folder and view its contents, the operating system has a command for it. It would have a user interface and set protocols (steps) to invoke that command and the experience that user gets would be standard and consistent. A programmer can write a custom software that would accomplish exactly the same thing but using different user experience and different protocols (steps). Another programmer can write another software that accomplishes exactly the same thing but using another set of different user experience an different protocols (steps) and so and so forth.
The thing to note here is the impact on the user. Since custom software uses its own user interaction and protocols, it is responsible for the acceptability and reliability of its functions. What is meant here is that the programmer would have to consider so many things to create such a software. The user is totally dependent on the knowledge and the interface engineering provided by the programmer through the custom software. This is where we start loosing the battle. This is where we as engineers or programmers have to ask ourselves, are we taking the user out of misery or putting them in misery? If we use the operating system supplied functions in our code, then we would not have to worry about so many other things.

As a reader you must be thinking that this would end  all the programming and programmers especially the application programmers. Well that is true, in a perfect world. We as technologists are not as developed yet. We have a long way to go. But this is what should we strive for.

Let us get back to our current era and talk about the points againts the above statements.

1. What about those interactions that operating system does not provide?
That is a very valid point. Let us take an example to elaborate more on it.  The application that user is using requires a certain interaction of moving the position of the window from right to left with in the time span of 2 seconds as a result of a user action. This user action would always yield the same result of moving the position of the window. The operating system that user is using does not define it a function. Means there is not a similar interaction provided by operation system as a function. In the case the obvious solution would be to write a custom code that does such interaction. A programer writes a such a code. Same task is given to another programmer and another programmer. We would have a result using different solutions that accomplishes the same thing. Since the solutions or the written custom code is different, we have to assume that one of them is better then all the others. What if we just had one programmer and he/she was the one who tasked and the solution the he/she wrote was not the one that was the best. It means we have a software code is not best code. This is the point that mentioned earlier as the point that we as technologists start loosing.

So what should be the solution. The solution should be that the operating system should be augmented with the best solution (code) for the moving the window from right to left within a set time. This would become an augmented function of the operating system and should be made available publicly to other progammers.

2. So we keep adding functions to OS but for how long?
This is another valid argument. We cannot keep adding any new interaction that anyone's mind can think of. This is where we have to make a distinction between valid and invalid interactions. We have to draw a line in the sand and define these two types of interactions. We should design software using such that user would not need to make use of an invalid interaction. This is another high point in this discussion. The interaction design should be so smooth and natural that user does need to think of an interaction that in fact is an invalid interaction.

Conclusion

The point of this part was not that we do have software that do not make use of operating system defined functions. But to point out the places where we cannot. The two main points are: A) that operating system should be rich in respect that all its functions should be valid and available. B) the second point is that we should design the interaction so smooth and natural that use would not need to make use of interaction that is not defined as a valid interaction.